Executive Summary
Modern society is interlinked through a network of not only people, but
their respective electronic devices as well. The devices permeate people’s
lives so thoroughly that it is rare to see someone without an electronic
device, be it a watch, a cellphone, a computer.
In this project an automation of farm
irrigation and soil moisture control by Arduino using soil moisture sensor and
L293D module. This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of
the soil and automatically switches the pump when the power is on. A proper
usage of irrigation system is very necessary because the main reason is the
shortage of land reserved water due to lack of rain, spontaneous use of water
as a result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason, we use this
automatic plant watering and soil moisture monitoring system and this system is
very useful in all climatic conditions.
India is the agriculture based
country. Our most of peoples are completely depended on the agricultural
harvesting. Agriculture is a source of employment of majority Indians and has
great impact on the economy of the country. In dry areas or in case of lacking
rainfall, irrigation becomes difficult. So, it needs to be automated for proper
watering a plant and handled remotely by farmer. When soil goes dry pump will
start watering. The aim of the implementation is to reduce water use and
automatic irrigation can be used for save time and low power monitor device.
Acknowledgments:
The scope for this project was wide and the
possibilities far. Without the support of the sponsors, facilitator, and
others, this project could not have been completed. Specifically, the team
would like to thank:
●
Vishal nagar advice and their
continuing support for a developing project.
● Our
families for their support through a time-consuming semester.
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Table of Contents
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Chapter 1 - Introduction and Background
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3
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Introduction
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3
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Background
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3
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Chapter 2 - Solution Exploration and
Selection
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6
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Section
1 - FAST Diagram
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7
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Chapter 3 - Technical Work Performed
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8
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Section
1 - Hardware Design Efforts
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8
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Section
2 - Hardware Implementation
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9
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Section
3 - Software Design Requirements
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17
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Section
4 - Software Implementation
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17
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Subsection 1 -
Microcontroller Program
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18
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Chapter 4 - Benefits
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23
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Chapter 5 - Conclusions
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23
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Introduction
The main
aim of this project was to provide water to the plants or gardening
automatically using microcontroller (Arduino Uno). We can automatically
watering the plants when we are going on vacation or don’t we have to bother my
neighbors, Sometimes the Neighbors do too much of watering and the plants end
up dying anyway. There are timer based devices available in India which waters
the soil on set interval.
They do not sense the soil moisture and the ambient
temperature to know if the soil actually needs watering or not. Assimilation is
that the artificial application of water to the land or soil It is used to
assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and re
vegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate
rainfall. When a zone comes on, the water flows through the lateral lines and
ultimately finally ends up at the irrigation electrode (drip) or mechanical
device heads. Several sprinklers have pipe thread inlets on the lowest of them
that permits a fitting and also the pipe to be connected to them. The
sprinklers are usually used in the top of the head flush with the ground surface.
As the method of dripping will reduce huge water losses it became a popular
method by reducing the labor cost and increasing the yields. When the
components are activated, all the components will read and gives the output
signal to the controller, and the information will be displayed to the user
(farmer). The sensor readings are analog in nature so the ADC pin in the controller
will convert the analog signals into digital format. Then the controller will
access information and when the motors are turned On/Off it will be displayed
on the LCD Panel, and serial monitor windows. There are many systems are
available to water savings in various crops, from basic ones to more
technologically advanced ones. For instance, in one system plant watering
status was monitored and irrigation scheduled based on temperature presents in
soil content of the plant.
Background
On the hardware side, there are a number of products currently on the
market that can perform some of the requirements of this project. The Automatic
Sprinkle System is the best example . The Automatic Sprinkle System is a
Connect microcontroller with a built-in Bluetooth module. It is able to perform
many of projects functions, such as communicating with wired and wireless
sensors, transmitting information to an Android device via Bluetooth, and
storing data to an SD card. However, the main problem with this solution, along
with many others like it, is that the microcontroller must be programmed to
perform this operation. This makes the microcontroller an impossible solution
for users who don’t know how to program, and an impractical solution for those
that can program, but don’t want to. A better product would already have the
code pre-compiled, the input ports clearly labeled, and require little to no
setup from the user.
Chapter 2 – Solution Exploration and Selection
Section 1 – FAST Diagram
The
complete system design with its logical components is more easily presented by
utilizing the FAST diagram. The FAST diagram is able to take what could
possibly be a complicated project and break it down to an easy to follow
format. Having a recognizable format such as this enables the designer to best
focus their efforts on what is needed in the final product. The FAST diagram
developed by the team is shown below.
There
are two functional components in this project. They are the moisture sensors
module and the motor driver for motor pump. Thus the Arduino Board is
programmed using the Arduino IDE software. The function of the moisture sensor
is to sense the temperature content present in the soil, and also it measure
moisture level in the soil. The motor driver interrupts the signal to, water
pump supplies water to the plants. This project uses microcontroller Arduino
Uno board to controls the motor and monitor soil moisture. Follow the schematic
to connect the Arduino to the motor driver, and the driver to the water pump.
The
motor can be driven by a 5 volt battery, we can also supplies power from
external source or from
Arduino
board. The Arduino Board is programmed using the Arduino IDE software.
Figure 2.1 - Fast
Diagram
The Sensor Interface can be broken down into three main components: The
LCD, the microcontroller, and the sensors which it communicates with. The LCD
and microcontroller are essentially the support behind the sensors to collect, store,
transfer and display data. Designing more advanced sensors was beyond the scope
of this project, so the LCD and microcontroller became the areas of focus. The
Sensor Interface was designed to accept a wide variety of sensors, analog,
digital, wired and IC. Any of the sensors can also be connected to another
Bluetooth module to allow a wide variety of wireless sensors to communicate
with the central Sensor Interface microcontroller.
Section 2 – Objectives of the
Project
Monitor
the moisture content of the soil using a soil moisture sensor and the water
level of the tank using a float switch.
Turn the
motor ON when the soil moisture falls below a certain reference value and if there
is enough water in the tank.
Display
the status of the soil and the tank using a 16×2 LCD.
Let’s
begin to build our project – Soil Moisture Based Automatic Irrigation System.
Figure 2.2 - Automatic Irrigation
System using Arduino
Chapter 3 – Technical Work Performed
Section 1 – Hardware Design
Efforts
The soil moisture sensor module used here have two output pins ( Digital
output and Analog output ). The output from the probe of the moisture sensor is
compared with a reference value using a lm393 comparator. The reference value
can be changed by turning the potentiometer in the module. The digital pin
gives an active low output when the soil is wet. Here we are using the analog
output from the module by connecting it to one of the analog pins of Arduino.
While using the analog output the wet detection value can be set/adjusted
within the program itself.
As shown in the circuit diagram, a float switch is connected to one of
the analog pins of Arduino and a 1K Ohm resistor is used to pulled up the line.
Analog pins of Arduino can also be used as digital inputs. The status of the
tank is identified by checking the output of the float switch. Arduino reads
the voltage dropped across the pull up resistor for sensing the level of water
in the tank. Two LEDs are connected to
the 2nd and 3rd pin of Arduino to show the moisture status and tank status
respectively. And the 4th pin links to the base of a BC547 transistor which in
turn drives the 12 V DC motor.
Figure 3.1 - Automatic
Irrigation System using Arduino Circuit
A 16×2 LCD is connected with Arduino in 4-bit mode. JHD162A is the LCD
module used here. JHD162A is a 16×2 LCD module based on the HD44780 driver from
Hitachi. The JHD162A has 16 pins and can be operated in 4-bit mode (using only
4 data lines) or 8-bit mode (using all 8 data lines). Here we are using the LCD
module in 4-bit mode. Control pin RS, RW and En are directly connected to
arduino pin 13, GND and 12. And data pin D4-D7 is connected to 11, 10, 9 and 8
of arduino.
Appendix 3 – Technical Attachments
Section 2 – Hardware
Implementation
The microcontroller used is an Arduino Uno, shown in Figure 3.1. This is
a popular microcontroller that is easy to wire and program. It has sufficient
analog input ports to read from
various analog sensors simultaneously, and also features a Serial Data
(SDA) line and a Serial Clock (SCL) line. Both an SDA line and an SCL line are
required to support I2C sensors. With these input ports, the Arduino Uno is able to read from
three different analog sensors and two digital sensors simultaneously.
Furthermore, the Arduino Uno includes Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
functionality, which allows it to interface with certain peripheral hardware
devices, such as LCD modules. On top of this, the board also allows digital
ports to be configured to act as Serial Receive (RX) or Serial Transmit (TX)
lines. These are necessary to connect with a Soil moisture sensor module
correctly. Finally, because of its popularity, many hardware modules are
designed to work specifically with Arduino microcontrollers, including those
that the Sensor Interface requires, like LCD modules and Soil moisture sensor
modules.
Figure 3.1 - Arduino
Uno
Relay:-
relay is an electrically operated switch. Several relays use a magnet to
automatically operate a switch, however alternative in operation principles are
used, like solid state relays. Relays are used wherever it's necessary to
regulate a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or wherever many circuits
should be controlled by one signal. The essential relays were handling in long
distance communicate circuits as amplifiers, they unbroken the signal coming
back in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit.
Figure : Relay
1.
Soil Sensor:- Soil moisture sensors measure the humidity of
water content in soil. Since the direct hydrometric measuring of free soil
wetness needs removing, drying, and coefficient of a sample, soil wetness
sensors live the meter water content indirectly by victimization another
property of the soil, like electrical phenomenon, non-conductor constant, or
interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the wetness content.
Figure : Soil
moisture sensor
2.
Pipe:-
Here it is used as a water channel, and pipe has been used for watering plant.
Figure :- Pipe
3.
LCD
16*2:- We come across LCD displays everywhere around us. Computers,
calculators, television sets, mobile phones, digital watches use some kind of
display to display the time. An LCD is an electronic display module which uses
liquid crystal to produce a visible image. The 16×2 LCD display is a very basic
module commonly used in DIYs and
circuits. The 16×2 translates o a display 16 characters per line in 2 such
lines.
Figure
:- LCD Display 16*2
4.
PCB:- Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are thin
boards made from an insulating material, with a metal coated surface, sometimes
on both the top and bottom. Etches are made in the metal with acid to create
pathways for electricity to travel among various components which are surface
mounted on the board with solder. The invention of printed circuit boards is
one of the factors that has enabled electronic circuits to be smaller, more
compact, and contained on a convenient, rugged board. Holes drilled into
circuit boards allow components such as resistors and capacitors to be inserted
and soldered through automation.
Figure :- Printed circuit bords
5.
Capacitor:-A capacitor can store electric energy
when it is connected to its charging circuit. And when it is disconnected from
its charging circuit, it can dissipate that stored energy, so it can be used
like a temporary battery. Capacitors are commonly used in electronic devices to
maintain power supply while batteries are being changed.
Figure :- Capacitor
6.
Crystal:-An electronic circuit that is used to generate an
electrical signal of precise frequency by utilizing the vibrating crystal’s
mechanical resonance made of piezoelectric material. There are different types of piezoelectric resonators,
but typically, quartz crystal is used in these types of oscillators. Hence,
these oscillator electronic circuits are
named as crystal oscillators.
Figure:- Crystal
7.
Motor:-
An DC motor is an electrical motor driven by Associate in direct current (DC).
In figure: 5, The DC motor normally consists of two basic components, an
outdoor stationary stator coil having coils furnished with DC to supply a
rotating flux, and an indoor rotor connected to the output shaft manufacturing
a second rotating flux. The rotor flux could also be made by permanent magnets,
reluctance striking, or DC or AC electrical windings.
8.
Voltage
Regulator:- A voltage regulator is used to regulate voltage level. When a steady,
reliable voltage is needed, then voltage regulator is the preferred device. It
generates a fixed output voltage that remains constant for any changes in an
input voltage or load conditions. It acts as a buffer for protecting components
from damages. A voltage regulator is a device with
a simple feed- forward design and it uses negative feedback control loops.
There are mainly two types of voltage regulators: Linear voltage regulators and
switching voltage regulators; these are used in wider applications. Linear
voltage regulator is the easiest type of voltage regulators. It is available in
two types, which are compact and used in low power, low voltage
systems. Let us discuss about different types of voltage regulators
Figure :- Voltage Regulator-7812v
9.
. Resistor:- it is an electrical device may be a passive
two-terminal electrical part that implements resistance as a circuit component.
In electronic circuits, resistors unit of measurement accustomed reduce current
flow, alter signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active components, and
terminate transmission lines, among completely different uses.
Figure :- Resistor
10. Battery :-
An electric battery is a device consisting of one
or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to
power electrical devices such as flashlights, and electric
cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive
terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is
the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons
that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal.
When a battery is connected to an external electric load,
Figure :- Battery
Section 3 – Software Design
Requirements
The software design of the Sensor Interface is composed of 2 major
components: the code describing the microcontroller program and the code
describing the LCD application. The microcontroller code is responsible for
managing the sensors that are connected to it, as well as their readings.
Determining which sensor ports to read from,
It should display information about all of the
sensors connected to the microcontroller, as well as allow the user to add
sensors to monitor, delete sensors, and change sensor properties.
Section 4 – Software
Implementation
In the programming part, to
facilitate communication between Arduino and LCD module, we make use of a built
in library in Arduino<LiquidCrystal.h> – which is written for LCD modules
making use of the Hitachi HD44780 chipset (or a compatible chipset). This
library can handle both 4 bit mode and 8 bit mode wiring of LCD. In 4 bit mode,
data is sent using 4 data pins and 3 control pins. In our project, R/W pin is
always grounded so we require only 6 pins in 4 bit mode, thus saving no of
pins. During interfacing the library is
first initialized and then define pins using the command LiquidCrystallcd(RS, E,
D4, D5, D6, D7), pins are assigned in this order. In program we can see this
command as LiquidCrystallcd(13,12, 11, 10, 9, 8), here RS pin to 13, Enable pin
to 12, D4 pin to 11, D5 pin to 10, D6 pin to 9 and D7 pin to 8 respectively.
The Arduino reads the sensor
output through the analog input pins using analog Read function. For example “analog
Read(moisture_sensorPin);” converts the voltage (in the range 0 to 5V) at
the A0 pin into a number (in the range 0
to 1023) This way the voltage at A0 is compared to a fixed number
(avg_moisture) for identifying the current status of the soil .=
The status of the float switch is
compared to identify the current water level and according to these both sensor
status the controller will switch the motor to ON or OFF condition. If values from the float switches is high and if
the reading from the moisture sensor is low, then controller will shows a full
level tank status and a low level moisture status on LCD and switches the motor to ON condition. This is
done by giving a signal to the base of the BC547 transistor which is connected
to the 4th pin of the Arduino UNO. The controller will also switch the moisture
status LED and the tank status LED OFF by writing a digital 0 to the 2nd and
3rd pin of Arduino. The motor will be in
ON condition until the moisture content goes above reference value or if the
float switch status becomes low.
Subsection 1 – Microcontroller Program(Arduino)
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
#define moisture_sensorPin A0
#define float_switchPin A1
#define motorPin 4
#define soil_statusPin 2
#define tank_statusPin 3
LiquidCrystallcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
constintavg_moisture = 800;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" AUTOMATIC ");
lcd.setCursor(0,
1);
lcd.print(" IRRIGATION S/M ");
delay(2000);
pinMode(moisture_sensorPin, INPUT);
pinMode(float_switchPin, INPUT);
pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(soil_statusPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(tank_statusPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, LOW);
}
void loop()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" MOISTURE - ");
if
(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) > avg_moisture) {
lcd.print("HIGH");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, HIGH);
}
if
(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) < avg_moisture) {
lcd.print(" LOW");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, LOW);
}
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("TANK LEVEL- ");
if
(digitalRead(float_switchPin) == HIGH) {
lcd.print("HIGH");
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, LOW);
}
if
(digitalRead(float_switchPin) == LOW) {
lcd.print(" LOW");
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, HIGH);
}
digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);
if
(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) < avg_moisture &&
digitalRead(float_switchPin) == HIGH)
{
while
(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) < avg_moisture &&
digitalRead(float_switchPin) == HIGH)
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" MOISTURE - LOW");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" MOTOR IS ON ");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(motorPin, HIGH);
}
if
(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) > avg_moisture) {
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" MOISTURE - HIGH");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" MOTOR - OFF ");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);
delay(3000);
}
if
(digitalRead(float_switchPin) == LOW) {
lcd.setCursor(0,
0);
lcd.print(" TANK LEVEL- LOW");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" MOTOR - OFF ");
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);
delay(3000);
}
}
delay(500);
}
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
#define moisture_sensorPin A0
#define float_switchPin A1
#define motorPin 4
#define soil_statusPin 2
#define tank_statusPin 3
LiquidCrystallcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
constintavg_moisture = 800;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,
2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" AUTOMATIC ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" IRRIGATION S/M ");
delay(2000);
pinMode(moisture_sensorPin, INPUT);
pinMode(float_switchPin, INPUT);
pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(soil_statusPin,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(tank_statusPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, LOW);
}
void loop()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" MOISTURE - ");
if
(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) > avg_moisture) {
lcd.print("HIGH");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, HIGH);
}
if
(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) < avg_moisture) {
lcd.print(" LOW");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, LOW);
}
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("TANK LEVEL- ");
if
(digitalRead(float_switchPin) == HIGH) {
lcd.print("HIGH");
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, LOW);
}
if
(digitalRead(float_switchPin) == LOW) {
lcd.print(" LOW");
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, HIGH);
}
digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);
if
(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) < avg_moisture &&
digitalRead(float_switchPin) == HIGH)
{
while
(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) < avg_moisture &&
digitalRead(float_switchPin) == HIGH)
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" MOISTURE - LOW");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" MOTOR IS ON ");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(motorPin, HIGH);
}
if
(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) > avg_moisture) {
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" MOISTURE - HIGH");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" MOTOR - OFF ");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);
delay(3000);
}
if
(digitalRead(float_switchPin) == LOW) {
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" TANK LEVEL- LOW");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" MOTOR - OFF ");
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motorPin,
LOW);
delay(3000);
}
}
delay(500);
}
Benefits:-
Irrigation
and watering play a substantial role in determining the quality and yields of
farming. More appropriate is the process of watering of the fields, more favorable
are the end results. As an agriculture farmer, one needs to be very precise
with these tow above-said process.
·
Time saving.
·
No need Extra
work Hard.
·
Save Water,
Accordingly our Requirement of water, depends upon water level quantity soil
and crops.
·
Money Saving
(Electricity bile + Water).
Chapter 5 – Conclusion
Thus the “Automated Irrigation system
based on soil moisture using Arduino” has been designed and tested
successfully. It has been developed by integrated features of all the hardware
components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed
carefully, thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Thus, the Arduino
Based Automatic Plant Watering System has been designed and tested
successfully. The system has been tested to function automatically. The
moisture sensors measure the moisture level (water content) of the different
plants. If the moisture level is goes to be below the desired and limited
level, the moisture sensor sends the signal to the Arduino board which triggers
the Water Pump to turn ON and supply the water to respective plant using the
Rotating Platform/Sprinkler. When the desired moisture level is reached, the
system halts on it’s own and the water Pump is turned OFF. Thus, the
functionality of the entire system has been tested thoroughly and it is said to
function successfully.
